John N Grant, The 1821 Emigration of Black Nova Scotians to Trinidad, Patheric Press Ltd. 1972, Vol.2, #3.

-between 1785 and 1800, two major groups of Black immigrants came to Nova Scotia
-many moved on to Sierra Leone In Africa.
-third major group, were Black refugees of the war of 1812.
-during the war many Black refugees fought side by side with Britain
-after the war they were deband
-they were settled in Trinidad
-more settled in Halifax by 1816
-2000 settled in Preston, and Hammonds Plains
-even through two bad crop years, lack of economic opportunities, hostile climate, and discrimination, the majority of Black
refugees stayed
-in 1816 Lord Dalhousie wanted to have the refugees sent to Sierra Leone or back to the United States
-instead they were emigrated to Trinidad in 1820
-1823 there were 876 Black American Refugees settled in Trinidad
-1833, they no longer had the fear of slavery in Canada, you  could keep the slaves you had but were not aloud to buy more.
 
 

John N Grant, Black Immigration into Nova Scotia, 1776-1815, Vol. 58, #3, July 1973

-two wars between Great Britain and the United States and an internal squabble in Jamaica, participates to Black immigration
to Nova Scotia
-first major migration was due to the American revolution, brought in the Black loyalists
-1500 Black immigrants arrived in Shelburne, in1783, they were to settle up the North-West Harbor
-they were promised free land and was given rations for three years, these settlements were in Digby, Annapolis, St. John N.B.
and Preston.
-they were free but still treated like slaves, disrespected, and mistreated
-due to the complaints of the Black settlers, the Governor, although finding no injustice, found that most Black settlers were
interested in emigrating to Sierra Leone, to join the Black colony
-the third group, became mainly permanent, after the war of 1812
-if any Black settler asked to go to another British colony then they were taken there
-the British, becoming more opposed to slavery, and also knowing that taking away the American Black slaves to freedom
would give America less soldiers to fight with, liberated several thousand slaves
-Americans became afraid to fight, fearing they would run into their old slaves, who now were armed
-the Black military, was disband after the war, and went to different places, such as Ireland Island, Bermuda, and Halifax
-some went to Trinidad, and were asked to join the first line of defense
-an extra 800 refugees came to Nova Scotia and had to live in a prison camp that was recently vacated by white prisoners.
Which was lucky for them because other wise they would have had to stay in unsanitary barracks.
-in three months, about 800 Negro's arrived in the establishments hospital who needed to be clothed and fed, and in a
distressing state afflicted by small-pox and various other diseases in which they needed vaccinations
-many of these Black settlements still exist
 
 

Winks, The Black in Canada, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1971

The main reason I was looking in this book was to find two things:
1) Why the Black people were treated so badly
2) Why they were sent to places like Shelburne and Preston.
The main reason for the way in which these people were treated was because, the Refugees who came to Canada after the war
of 1812 were seen as failures, not so loyal to Britain and Canada as those who came before them who made a prosperous life
for themselves, and they didn't have a great sense of military and they seemed to disorganized to even lead themselves. They
were saw as all around failures and were treated that way, and this treatment and view was continued. A statement that I found
shows this.
Unlike the Black Pioneers who were proud in their sense of Loyalism, and the Maroons who were crude ut vigorous
in their military unity, the Refugee Negroes were disorganized, pathetic, and intimidated body who seemed unable
to recover from their previous conditions of servitude, their sudden voyage up the Atlantic to Nova Scotian shores,
and their persistent lack of leaders
They were sent to places like Shelburne County and Preston because they were undeveloped and secluded from the white
people. It was believed that the Black settlers would not be able to make a good go of the land and would give up and leave or
just die off, because they were so secluded. They were expected to clear their own land and build homes and plow the land for
farming fairly quicky. This was impossible though, the land didn't even thaw until late June so farming was made even more
difficult. They obviously did make a good go of it, they moved in land farther where there was better land and more protection
from the water.
 
 

The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, by Robert L. Zangrando, 1980

By going through this book I tried to find what the NAACP meant and what it is all about.
First of all NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People and it was established in 1909.
The main goal of this organization is to safeguard black rights and challenge mob violence (i.e., lynches performed by mobs).
 
 

 African Congress; a documentary of the first modern Pan African Congress, by Imamu Amiri Baraka, 1970.

In this book I tried to find out what the main idea is behind Pan African Congress.
I found that their main goal is to reach international African liberation.  In one part of this book I found their goal described
more detailed and powerful; it said, “The Pan African movement encourages African people wherever they are in the world to
understand that they are brothers and sisters, families, communities, nations, a race together, bred in common struggle, brought
forth from, and a result of common history, and in the circulating combustible of our racial memory, we all strive for a common
future; a people united, independent, basing our claim to national and international sovereignty upon a unified, independent
mother Africa, whose freedom, then, would automatically raise the level of Africans’ lives all over the planet.”
 
 

The Social Thought of W.E.B. Du Bois, by Joseph P. De Marco, 1983.

Du Bois was a scholar, a social critic, historian, and a sociologist; at a young age he became very involved in being a social
leader.  As I went through this book I was surprised to find that he played a central role in the NAACP (and wrote and edited
a lot of The Crisis magazine, which is the NAACP’s main information outlet) and that he also organized many Pan African
Congresses and became known world wide as a founder of Pan Africanism.
 
 

 The Spirit of Africville, by the Africville Genealogy Society with contributions by Donald Clairmont, Stephen Kimber, Bridglal
Pachai and Charles Saunders, 1992.

Africville, The Life and Death of a Canadian Black Community, by Donald H. Clairmont and Dennis William Magill.
Africville was a black community in northern Halifax and consisted of approximately four-hundred people of eighty families,
many of them were descended from settlers who moved there more than a century ago.
Africville was located beside the Halifax city dump and public services such as sewage and lighting were absent in Africville.
Along with this little education and low incomes were common. Despite all this they had a strong sense of community and were
proud to live there.
In 1959 the Institute of Public Affairs did a survey about the relocation of Africville, "the Africvilleans strongly rejected
relocation and urged that they be allowed to stay in Africville and develop it according to city specifications." This quote was
taken from The Spirit of Africville. Africville was relocated any way between 1964 and 1967. A lot of people were moved into
other substandard housing complexes and ended up with many money problems like higher rent and mortgages. Those who
didn't have legal title to the land their house was on received $500 compensation. Another result of the relocation was, of the
relocatee households more than half received city or provincial welfare regularly, and before the relocation about ten percent
received this.
The people who benefited from the relocation were the developers because the main reason for the relocation was to use the
land for industrial purposes and to make to city look cleaner.
 
 

Canadian Heritage, Information Booklet, "Racism Stop It!", April 16, 1998.

This information booklet made some very interesting points about how I think Auburn Drive High could have helped prevent the
fight from happening.
The International Day for the Elimination of Racism is on March 21. I never knew why it was on this date until I read this
booklet. "On March 21, 1960, 70 anti-apartheid demonstrators conducting a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, South
Africa were shot and killed by police. In 1966, the United Nations declared March 21 the International Cay for the Elimination
of Racial Discrimination."
This booklet goes on to point out that schools (such as Auburn High), community groups or other organizations could:
1. Set up an anti-racist display in a public area like a library.
2. Organize some arts events such as plays, song singing, music, story telling, or screening of films and videos.
3. "Organize a public forum or rally with citizens, community organizations and public (municipal, provincial, and federal)
representatives to talk about racial discrimination and what can be done to eliminate it."
4. And finally they can "arrange workshops or a march against racism."
I am not sure if any of this would have made a difference to the "narrow minded" racist students at Auburn High but at least the
school would be doing something to end racism. The impression that I got from the article was that Don Buck (the principal)
wasn't prepared to do anything.
 
 

The second lead I followed was African Heritage Month
www.dal.ca/~acswww/dalbh.html

African Heritage Month use to be called Black History Month which was established in 1926 by Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson.
On this web site I found some interesting quotes by Yaw Boateng, a professor of education at Eastern Washington University.
He noted that "The month of February is significant and recognized in African American history for the birthdays of great
African American pioneers and institutes. These include the birthdays of Frederick Douglass, W.E.B. DuBois, Langston
Hughes, Eubie Blake, NAACP and the first Pan African Congress." He later noted "celebrations such as Black History Month
have exposed the legal consequences of overt discriminatory practices and racial harassment."
This site has some features that I think might have appealed to some of the students at Auburn High, such as Artists Against
Racism and Nova Scotian Pages.
If the racist students at Auburn High found out that some of their favourite and most admiral bands were anti-racist they might
think twice about some of their beliefs.
The Nova Scotian Pages have some clips from films one of the films is called "Speak It! From the Heart of Black Nova
Scotia." This film came out in 1993 and is an NB Film on experiences of high school students. The computer I was at didn't
have Realplayer so I didn't get a chance to see it but I believe that it could have had a positive impact on some of the students
and it may have helped to prevent the fight from occurring.